10 Classes you HAVE to Take Before Graduation

 

I am absolutely astounded when I think about just how good life is at Claremont McKenna College. With the perfect weather, surplus of social and extracurricular opportunities, and the proximity to the ocean, snow, city, and woods (and all in the same day if you’re really ambitious. Looking for ideas?), it is easy to forget that CMC is–after all is said and done and bragged about to our friends back home– a school.

Registering for classes is one of the hardest parts of the year.  We are incredibly fortunate to have a wide array of  top-notch classes and professors offered to us each and every semester. In flipping through the course catalogue, talking to friends, and looking over the online course schedule, I find myself sad that I only have but four short years and eight semesters to fill.

Since registration is upon us again, I thought it would be appropriate to compile a list of “10 Classes You HAVE to Take Before Graduation.”  This list is by no means a complete list of the “best” courses that CMC offers. The number of quality classes and professors extends far beyond just what is listed here.  If you want to know how we came up with the list, I included a brief version of our  methodology below.

I refuse to even try to rank them, so, In a 10-way tie for number one…

 

The United States Congress (Government 101)

Jack Pitney

We have all seen the Schoolhouse Rock video “I’m Just a Bill,” but this class shows how laws are really made in America.  The course studies all aspect of the United States Congress and its centerpiece is a four night long multi-campus simulation. Each student becomes a United States Senator and battles through the entire legislative process, fighting for constituents, the party, issues and a place in history.  It’s the Congress simulation that has elevated the class to legendary status.  Students love the course not only for its unique layout, but also because Professor Pitney is one of the most animated characters on campus.  He has the ability to spice up anything–even discharge petitions or budget outlays.  The simulation reflects weeks of preparation, and for many students the simulation is one of the best experiences they’ll have at CMC.

The Prof Says:

“Students really become the senators that they portray.  I think of it as entering the Matrix.  (Neo knows its a simulation, but it feels real.)  Students get wrapped up in the maneuvering, spending far more time and energy on the exercise than I require.  For some, it really deepens their interest in politics.  In 2010, two fairly recent simulation alumni ran for Congress:  Craig McPherson in Kansas and Adam Kokesh in New Mexico.”

 

Accounting for Decision Making (Economics-Accounting 86)

Ananda Ganguly, Marc Massoud

Accounting is a crucial class because it teaches the language of business.  A basic knowledge in accounting will help you in the future, no question about it. Whether it be through a career in business or simply reading the newspaper, the content of this class will come back to you again and again.  Students say they like this class because they finally understand terms they’ve heard all their lives.  It also teaches students a new way of thinking about and analyzing issues.  By the end of the semester, students are masters of balance sheets, income statements and cash flow statement of changes.

The Profs Say:

Professor Ganguly is appreciated by his students because of his eagerness to help and the clarity of his explanations. Ganguly says, “ECON 86 is the most fundamental course for literacy in the corporate world. It teaches one to understand the language of business communication and make sense of what a company’s financial statements are telling you. Every human being should take ECON 86, right after Reading, ‘Riting, ‘Rithmetic, Economics and Psychology.  And right before the classics. Of course, I am completely unbiased and objective and never end my sentences with prepositions.”

After meeting Professor Massoud, I now completely understand why so many students responded to my inquiry with, “take anything with Massoud!” Massoud says his classes are also about relationship building, he encourages his students and participates in their lives–many even affectionately refer to him as “dad.” His comments on the necessity of accounting echo the point made by his students, “It is very important to understand how it is done and what it means in our life. It’s very relevant to any job; you’ll be balancing your checkbook, managing house, paying tuition. You need to understand accountability.”

 

Fundamentals of Logic (Philosophy 95)

Amy Kind

Fundamentals of Logic aims to introduce students to formal logic – a system which represents certain aspects of human reasoning in a formal (symbolic) language. Throughout the course students understand what thinking logically means and  in turn become better reasoners, able to make sound arguments and easily spot bad ones. CMCers enjoy how engaging, helpful, and sweet professor Kind is. Logic is recommended to those who enjoy having opinions (so CMC, I think that means you). Perhaps the most convincing plug is that students claim that the subject is fun! It’s described like a game, and they notice a difference in their way of thinking within weeks, not to mention it is really helpful for the LSAT.

The Prof Says:

“The skills that students acquire in studying logic – such as figuring out how to reach a desired goal from a given set of resources, developing the habit of paying close attention to what a statement says (and what it doesn’t say!), and learning what makes an argument a good argument – are invaluable as they make their way in the world, no matter what course of study, or what career, they choose.  Logic can be somewhat infectious – in a good way! – and I’ve heard from many students over the years that it’s really changed the way that they think.”

 

Philosophical Questions (Philosophy 30) with Professor Huang

Jeff Huang

You may question the inclusion of Philosophy 30 in this list, isn’t that a GE? Well, yes, but with the frequency of Huang’s Philosophy toping lists of students’ favorite classes it was impossible to ignore. Students enjoy this course because of Huang’s genuine character, and passion for the subject despite being busy with his duties as Vice President of Student Affairs. Dean Huang does a great job making philosophers of the past relevant to students today. The course aims to tackle those “great questions” that have divided philosophers for millennia. Students say that nothing is off limits in this course, and while the atmosphere is very comfortable, he will push you to defend your positions with sound logic. (See there is that logic thing again)

The Prof Says:

“If there’s anything special about my course, it might be that I try to bridge the gap between philosophers from hundreds or thousands of years ago and the experience of today’s students. For example, all of us walk under the stars at night, and when we do so, we ponder thoughts about space, infinity, God, the meaning of life, and our eventual mortality. The question that we all share, then, is how we can make sense of this life and the world that we find ourselves walking around in. Socrates tried to answer the question this way, Descartes tried to answer it that way, and Sartre had yet another way of looking at it. Now, who makes the most compelling case and why? Discuss.”

 

California Politics (Government 117)

Ken Miller

California Politics analyzes the politics and policies in (you guessed it…) California.  The class comes complete with big name guest speakers and a two day trip to Sacramento. On this trip students get to meet and speak with elected and appointed officials, staff, lobbyists, and political journalists.  The Sacramento trip is great for class bonding and students get completely different understanding of what it is like to work at the Capitol.  Students praise Miller, saying that he is brilliant, understanding, and genuinely wants to see you succeed. Students in the class say anyone from California, or anyone planning to live here someday, should take the course.  It gives students a comprehensive understanding of how California, one of the largest economies and home to most CMC students, works.

This class is usually taught every spring, but Professor Miller will be on sabbatical next year. Stay tuned for Spring 2013!

The Prof Says:

“California politics interests students because the state is big, complex, and influential.  The state is experiencing major demographic changes and the political system is struggling to adapt to those changes.  In that way, as in many others, California is just one step ahead of the rest of the country.  The course gives students a chance to see how demographics, economics, politics, institutions, and policy interact in this interesting ‘laboratory.’”

 

Organizational Psychology (Psychology 037)

Ron Riggio, Craig Bowman, Ketan Mhatre

Organizational Psychology is about the study of behavior at work. Topics this class includes are: basics of human resources (hiring, evaluating, training, and developing workers), the needs of workers, motivation, work stress, leadership, and team processes. This class teaches you everything you need to know about management and being someone’s boss.  Each professor teaches the class with slightly different components.  Students admire Riggio, a prominent figure in the field of leadership, and say they enjoy the final project where they pick an organization and evaluate it in one of the topics learned in class. Similar praise for Bowman resound across campus.  In his final project, students get in groups and create their own companies, write policies, do market research and build business models.  This class is relevant to those outside the Psychology major, since most (if not all) of us plan to work after graduation and aspire to a leadership position someday.

The Prof Says:

“It provides the “nuts and bolts” of how to manage and lead people, but also looks at organizational processes from the worker’s perspective. Before taking the class, students often feel that understanding of work and worker behavior is all “common sense,” but they quickly learn that there has been over a century of psychologists (and other social scientists) who have carefully studied all aspects of work behavior to truly understand the dynamics of humans at work.  They are often surprised that common sense has it backwards.”- Professor Riggio

 

Leading Entrepreneurial Ventures (Psychology 141)

Jay Conger

The purpose of this course is to explore the leadership challenges that entrepreneurs face as they build their venture. Students learn what it takes to successfully start and run a business, deliver business pitches, do case studies, and compete at the end of the course in teams with larger business pitches. In the past, some have even gotten seed money to start their company. Students say that Conger is, “a boss,” and find him both inspiring and engaging. Every week, students in this course have lunch at the Athenaeum with guests from all areas of the business world. Students  love that they are able to engage in conversation with such influential and successful people.

The Prof Says:

“What makes the course unique are the case studies of actual entrepreneurs and business ventures as well as presentations by successful entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. It is a very interactive class. Students make venture pitch presentations for their own business ideas as well as compete in a business plan team. In addition, each student works on a market feasibility study of an industry or business that is of great interest to them”

 

Bioethics (Philosophy 186)

Alex Rajczi

This class is about the ethical issues of health policy. It starts with a study of the U.S. system and the systems of other countries and then the class turns to political philosophy. But the class goes deeper than just what is good health policy.  Students are required to take the policy deeper and ask why? Is this right? This latter component is often missed in policy debates and the skill is useful for anyone looking to have a significant impact in any policy decisions.  The course also grapples with complicated questions like eugenics, performance enhancement, end of life care or others.  Many rave about how much they love professor Rajczi and appreciate his dedication to his students. Apparently along with his classes come hiking trips and banjo singalongs.

The Prof Says:

“Health policy isn’t a flashy subject, but I think students like the course because they end up understanding that the topic is very important.  Thousands of Americans die every year because they lack health insurance, so we need to ask ourselves whether that’s fair and what, if anything, we should do about it.  By the end of the course the students also realize that they know more about health policy than most people, including many legislators who are writing health care law.  They like mastering an important public debate.”

 

Introductory Arabic (Arabic001)

Ayman Ramadan

This class is suggested for those of you who aren’t sure which direction to go in for your three semesters of foreign language. Arabic and Mandarin are undoubtably the most in demand languages in the world today. In keeping with the CMC-only classes theme, you have to take Arabic. The CMC Arabic program is structured to get students to speak Arabic as quickly as possible. It emphasizes all four language skills speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Students say CMC’s Arabic department is outstanding, and that professor Ramadan (who would be your teacher at the introductory level) is very enthusiastic, is committed to students outside the classroom, and even takes students on trips to Little Arabia.  The course is designed for students with no background in the language and aims to provide a solid foundation for future study.

The Prof Says:

“Knowing Arabic will give our students a career edge in such fields as diplomacy, business, engineering, international development, and academia. Our program at CMC provides comprehensive understanding to Modern Standard Arabic where we use variety of authentic materials like newspapers, magazines, songs, advertisements, menus, YouTube videos (etc.) to make the cultural context come alive; supported by exciting field trips and weekly cultural activity nights where national and international figures, from different fields, are invited to add more distinction to the program.”

 

Intermediate Macroeconomics (Economics 102)

Cameron Shelton, Marc Weidenmier, Thomas Willett

Learning about macroeconomics is important because it shows us tradeoffs between different variables in our economy. The class is critical to understanding how the economy, financial markets and government policy works and affects our daily lives.  This class also brings to light the reactions of our economy and how if one event shocks our economy, how our economy, and potentially the world economy,  is effected. One section of Econ 102 was taught through the lens of the Great Recession.  Students learned how the recession happened, its impact on the economy and what the government should and should not do to fix or mitigate the problem.

The Prof Says:

Shelton’s students will tell you right away that the man is brilliant, students have said that he is on a whole other intellectual plane. He says,My goal is to enable students to knowledgeably read macroeconomic journalism and thus to follow macroeconomic news throughout their lives as educated citizens. I teach an integrated model so students have a single framework in their minds as they continue to learn going forward… the goal is to understand how various events and policies affect the dynamics of the economy of time horizons ranging from a few quarters to several years.” His course is very difficult but you will understand the material, and it will stick with you once the class is over, “I think holding oneself to a high bar: making sure one really understands why something is true, not just that it is true, is an important part of learning.”

Final Comments

These classes were chosen after talking to many students across multiple years, and even alumni, digging through course evaluations, looking at the frequency that they are offered and many other factors. These classes made the list after considering overall popularity, the professors teaching them, any unique qualities, the practicality and applicability of the subject matter, evidence of critical thinking and some personal experience.

If you know of a class missing from our list or want to add a course that you loved, please comment on the article and tell us why we should add it, then maybe we will. Obviously I don’t know about every class at CMC since there are so many, so please, help me out. I want to hear from you too!

 
 
 
  • http://www.facebook.com/JMAOO Jessica Mao

    Take GOV 120: Environmental Law if you want to get a taste of an environmental law school textbook, go to the Mojave Desert for a weekend, and hear lawyers’ experiences on defending/prosecuting in the real world! (There are two professors who teach it. They’re actually lawyers outside of CMC, who come once a year just to teach this class!)

    It’s tough with a lot of reading, but it has been a fun and enjoyable class. I’ve really felt challenged to think like a lawyer, role-play in a public hearing simulation, and learn the major policies enacted since the 1970′s boom of environmental awareness.

    It’s also tough to get into if you’re not an EEP major since 20 students is the cap for this one class, once a year. But give it a go, I highly recommend it!

    • Alan

      Yes J-Mao is completely right!

  • Yrp

    None of these sound like fun classes. As a psych major I would not have mentioned Organizational Psychology as a class you must take. There are many other classes that are way more interesting than that one. Org Psych is just easy.

  • Psycho

    I feel like this classes are geared towards those who are either gov/econ majors or have a passion for business. The arabic class is nice alternative, but I would have to agree with the person above me that most of these classes do not interest me as a psych major as well. You could even argue that they might not interest someone who is a history major, spanish major, or any other major for that matter that isn’t gov/econ. Don’t get me wrong, I know that those are the top fields at our campus, but when you are making a list of the “top classes you must take for graduation” I feel like you should try to generalize to the whole cmc population. Also the methodology used to pick them seems kind of flawed. Of course these are the most popular/frequent courses taken, they are the ones who people majoring in gov/econ (the most popular majors on campus) are taking for major requirements. “Unique qualities” also seems quite subjective. Honestly, I don’t think anyone could truly make a list without some bias. It is a tough task to take on because what one person considers as an interesting class, another person might hate. I just think the title of this article should be revised or something because it is a bit misleading.

    • Psycho

      I meant the person (Yrp?) below me. Whoops.

    • Gov Junkie

      Woo! Someone’s learning the terminology in their field: generalize, population, methodology, subjective, bias…

      Research methods anybody??

    • Laura

      How can you expect somebody to create a list of just 10 classes that interest the “whole cmc population” based on their majors? Last time I checked, you don’t have to be a certain major to appreciate interesting classes taught by outstanding professors. If you’re skeptical, give some of these classes a try then offer specific feedback. Or if you can come up with your own list of classes CMC students have to take, please share them instead of criticizing a subjective list based on a wide array of student and alumni feedback. Ellie has welcomed other additions and I’m sure other CMC students (especially psych majors) would love to hear your reviews or recommendations. Compiling a list like is a tough task because yes, student preferences are subjective. Thats why we have even more reason to applaud Ellie for finding classes that the majority of students have raved about, not just because their majors predisposed them to be interested in those classes, but because they are great classes in their own right taught by some of the best professors at CMC.

      Ellie- Thanks for taking the time to talk to so many students and professors to compile this list. Great job and keep up the good work!

      • Psycho

        I’m not trying to degrade the people who gave their opinions, or the classes/professors listed under the top ten of this article. I’m just pointing out that the claim “10 Classes you HAVE to Take Before Graduation” seems a little exaggerated. I pointed out the problems with the methodology as a way to further argument, not as a personal attack. I do think this article does a great job of introducing you to various courses offered on campus. I was just trying to offer an explanation why someone like myself, might not relate to them because they mostly lean towards two fields of study.

    • Math 001

      There are 2 econ, 2 gov, 3 philosophy, 2 psychology and 1 language class listed. If you run the math on that real quick, you’ll discover that 2=2=2, which means there are just as many psych classes listed as either gov or econ.

      If they don’t float your boat, don’t take ‘em. No one’s gonna make you. I, on the other hand, am appreciative that someone took the time look into certain classes that I otherwise may have overlooked.

    • ditto math 001

      2 pysch, 2 econ, 2 gov, 3 philos, 1 arabic. i know you “feel” like there’s a bias towards gov/econ, but i’m not really sure how the breakdown supports that. if anything there’s a bias towards philosophy. this seems to me a pretty fair sampling from the various departments. granted “wow” is right there aren’t any science courses listed, but if we can take away anything from the recent changes in GE requirements–the broader student body is simply not hurting for more science. nice job ellie.

  • Generic Forum Dick

    I DON’T AGREE WITH THIS SUBJECTIVE LIST AND THUS I MUST LET THE ENTIRE INTERNET KNOW OF MY DISCONTENT

  • Ariel Katz

    Take Shakespeare’s Tragedies with Professor Lobis…He is an incredible teacher, and the class is really interesting and engaging. It’s also just a good life skill to be able to know Shakespeare stories/analysis, you never know when it may come in handy at a dinner party.

  • litmajor

    I took Dean Huang’s class as a freshman and it was amazing!

  • Arabic???

    I think this list is a good idea..it helps fill in the one or two free spaces everyone might have on their schedule. But I don’t understand how Arabic makes this list though. Since we are living in SoCal, wouldn’t Spanish be the best option for a language class? I mean, it would be the language that you can immerse yourself into over here if you want to. I have nothing against Arabic but Spanish certainly has its advantages. Just a thought!

  • Bri R.

    I’d be curious to know how these became the “have to take classes” of CMC. Was there a survey involved? A focus group of students? Or one person’s subjective viewpoint? Are they “must takes” because the content gained from each class is useful? Or is it because the professor who teaches it is a top notch instructor? Important things to take into consideration when responding to this…

    My guess is it’s a subjective viewpoint (from a government major), so naturally, the “must take” classes will differ for someone who is looking to double major in, say, French and Literature.

    Don’t get me wrong – I don’t necessarily disagree with the selections here – they are informative and/or famous classes on campus – but as a “liberal arts” school, I wonder why other humanities courses aren’t included or even given honorable mentions – History? Literature?

    Future suggestion? Round up some students who are studying in majors across the board – see which “must take” classes they all pick. It may just so happen that the majority choose Pitney’s Congress class – then that really says something. Then you really have a list that appeals to all. Because my guess is a history major would not find Organizational Psychology interesting or useful (though I’m sure it’s wonderful and taught with much grace and poise).

    • Studentx2

      If you are “curious to know” maybe you should read till the end of the article where the author tells you here methods.

      • $0.02 from my laundry budget

        I think the point here is that Ellie’s methodology is flawed – which it very well might be. When you claim to have used some form of methodology for determining something, there might be people who disagree. That’s a part of the process and you should be held responsible by your peers for your process. It is the only way we can distinguish works of real importance.

        To people claiming there is absolutely no way of determining what the best classes at CMC are: there surely is a way to get as close to that as statistically possible. It might be a lot of work, but it can be done. But that kind of a study is beyond the Forum so I’m not saying Ellie should have conducted an extensive research for this article. However, the title of this article and the section on methodology does give the impression that it was her intention to do just that.

        Ellie has clearly put in a lot of work behind this piece and that surely shows even to people who ARE complaining. If you are publishing a paper with a particular methodology, people are going to have different opinions. Judging from her writing, I suspect the writer of this article is mature enough to deal with differing viewpoints because she must have anticipated a reaction of some sort. At the very least, her article has started a new debate at CMC that students can find useful. Thank you, Ellie, for doing that.

  • Wow.

    What a biased article. Even more so when the writer is a gov major. No science-based courses? I could easily stick up for one of the classes taught by Morhardt, McFarfane, and so forth. I can bet no science majors were even talked to when creating this joke of an article. You should rename it:

    10 Classes you HAVE to Take Before Graduation (If you’re a Gov or Econ Major)

    • Wow.

      *Mcfarlane.

    • ditto math 001

      are you on the committee to bring back the 2 GE science requirements?

      • Wow.

        No, but I probably wouldn’t mind. Science majors spend more time actually working with labs and what not than any other students here. What, afraid of a little work?

    • Generic Forum Dick

      Your retitled headline would be stupid because econ majors already have to take 86 and 102. If anything, Ellie is pointing out that these two classes would be useful for non-econ majors.

    • http://www.facebook.com/JMAOO Jessica Mao

      Wow. I understand how you feel underrepresented, which has been the case for a lot of us science majors (I was Science and Management before switching to EEP).

      Maybe you should write-up a separate list of science classes CMCers should take and submit it to the Forum. It’s just tough because a lot of the great science courses have intro classes as prerequisites. Intro classes can be tough. There’s also a huge case of science-phobia among non-science majors at CMC, so putting one on this list may have made many cringe. Another list can easily be tailored to the specific audience who would be interested.

      On the brighter side of things, Biology is one of CMC’s top 8 majors (correct me if I’m wrong). That’s progress!!

      Tropical Ecology with McFarlane FTW

    • Connor Barclay

      I agree with J Mao.

      Furthermore, I would love to take a great science class here, but Joint Science doesn’t do a great job of offering courses applicable to non-majors. I have been dying to take Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology with Professor Wiley, yet they just never offer it!

      (In the interest of full disclosure I’m an Econ-Accounting major, formerly Econ & Math dual, so I fall in that “stereotypical CMCer” category.)

      Joint Science needs to step it up if they hope to generate any interest among non-majors.

      Cheers,
      Connor

      • Disgruntledemployee

         There is absolutely no effort by the gov or econ departments to make their classes interesting or accessible to non-majors. The GE requirements are limited to one specific on-campus class, with countless hoops to jump through if you want to do anything different. So non-majors are forced into these classes, whereas non-science majors can wiggle by with high school credit, off-campus classes, or some of the bullshitty non-major science classes.

  • http://www.facebook.com/dmeyer90 Dave Meyer

    There are more than 52 available majors at CMC. Obviously, it would’ve been an impossible task to include a class from every single major. If the course selection at CMC is skewed towards Gov/Econ, why shouldn’t a top 10 list of our best courses?

    Definitely not an easy article to write, but I think it’s definitely a great effort. I would’ve loved to see Professor Espinosa’s “Religion, Politics, and Global Violence” make the list, but it’s omission doesn’t make the entire article worthless, hard as that may be to believe.

    Props to Ellie for writing the rare article on the Forum that’s actually interesting.

  • http://www.facebook.com/dmeyer90 Dave Meyer

    There are more than 52 available majors at CMC. Obviously, it would’ve been an impossible task to include a class from every single major. If the course selection at CMC is skewed towards Gov/Econ, why shouldn’t a top 10 list of our best courses?

    Definitely not an easy article to write, but I think it’s definitely a great effort. I would’ve loved to see Professor Espinosa’s “Religion, Politics, and Global Violence” make the list, but it’s omission doesn’t make the entire article worthless, hard as that may be to believe.

    Props to Ellie for writing the rare article on the Forum that’s actually interesting.

  • Chris Jones

    I think it’s important to note that in attempting to make this list, Ellie clearly was picking classes that are accessible to anyone of any major. By that I mean none of the courses listed above have any non-GE prerequisites. A lot of the best classes at CMC are deep enough into a major that a non-major would have difficulty taking them, but this does an excellent job of covering those classes that are more-or-less open to all.

    This is a difficult subject to tackle, and one that will inevitable draw the ire of many people, and I think she did a fantastic job with this.

  • http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1381200001 Arielle Zuckerberg

    Great list, Ellie! I agree with a lot of these choices. I am interested in hearing about some of your off-campus selections, too.

  • http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1381200001 Arielle Zuckerberg

    Great list, Ellie! I agree with a lot of these choices. I am interested in hearing about some of your off-campus selections, too.

  • Fortehlulz

    I’m only even remotely interested in any of these, except one. Not a single lit, history, science, or math course. Which is funny because those were the main subjects up til college.

    • math major

      can you imagine the uproar if she actually put down a math????? most people can barely get through math 31. chillout bro.

  • Fortehlulz

    I’m only even remotely interested in any of these, except one. Not a single lit, history, science, or math course. Which is funny because those were the main subjects up til college.

  • Alum ’10

    Great article, good concept, good journalism Ellie…good to see the forum stepping up its game with content, no for redesgin of the hideous looking website. Just to add: Pitney’s American Presidency course, Haley’s U.S. Foreign Policy course, Englebert (POM) Political Economy: International Development course, John Meany’s Speech and Debate course. A mil science course, biotechnology, an Ascher course and warner class are a must too.

  • A Reader

    Where is the Lit love?? We have the best Lit department at the 5Cs and there’s no shout-out for a Lit class?

  • Hmm

    Mcfarlane or Morhardt – science course. Enough said. Some of the best professors around, and truly love what they teach. But once again, science majors get the shaft.